March 1st is an important day in South Korea.
It’s a national holiday known as Samiljeol (3.1 Day).
Here’s what the day is all about!
Quick Summary
- Samiljeol honors the March 1st Independence Movement of 1919.
- It was a pivotal moment in Korea’s history when thousands of Koreans bravely stood against Japanese colonial rule.
- The movement was peaceful yet powerful as the declaration of Korea’s desire for independence.
What Happened on March 1, 1919?
During the Japanese colonial period (1910-1945), Koreans faced harsh oppression.
Inspired by the ideals of self-determination and resistance, 33 Korean activists drafted a Declaration of Independence and organized a nationwide demonstration on March 1, 1919.
At noon on that historic day, thousands of Koreans gathered at Pagoda Park (now Tapgol Park) in Seoul, where leaders publicly read the Declaration of Independence.
The movement quickly spread across the country, with over 2 million people participating in peaceful protests.
Unfortunately, the Japanese government responded with extreme force, arresting thousands and brutally suppressing the demonstrations.
Many independence activists lost their lives, and the event became a symbol of Korea’s fight for freedom.
Though the movement didn’t immediately achieve independence, it planted the seeds for future resistance and ultimately contributed to Korea’s liberation in 1945.
In recognition of its historical importance, the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea designated March 1st as “Independence Declaration Day” in 1920.
After Korea’s liberation, it officially became a national holiday in 1949.
Why Is Samiljeol Important?
“Samiljeol! This is the most sacred day — the very birth of freedom, equality, and justice in the Republic of Korea. It is a day that feels divinely ordained.
This day was not chosen by just one or two individuals. It was decided by 20 million people, not through mere words, but through action.
It is a sacred day, consecrated with the pure blood of men and women who stood for independence.”
— Ahn Chang-ho, on the 1st anniversary of Samiljeol in 1920
The significance of Samiljeol goes beyond remembering the past, as it represents the very foundation of modern Korea.
The Constitution of the Republic of Korea, enacted in 1948, acknowledges the March 1st Movement as a key factor in the country’s establishment.
The movement demonstrated the resilience and unity of the Korean people, proving that even under foreign rule, we would not surrender our identity or aspirations for independence.
Korea’s March 1st Movement ignited a lasting struggle for independence, ultimately laying the foundation for liberation from Japanese rule in 1945.
Many Koreans wish that we achieved independence completely on our own, rather than as a result of Japan’s defeat in World War II.
Yet, Samiljeol remains our unwavering spirit of freedom.
Who Is Yu Gwan-sun?
©National Institute of Korean History
One of the most iconic figures of the Independence Movement Day is Yu Gwan-sun.
She was a young student who became a symbol of resistance.
At just 16 years old, she played a vital role in organizing demonstrations in her hometown, Cheonan.
After being arrested by Japanese authorities, she continued to advocate for independence even while imprisoned.
Sadly, she was tortured and died in captivity at the age of 17.
Today, she is remembered as a national heroine, and her legacy continues to inspire generations of Koreans.
How Does Korea Celebrate Independence Movement Day?
Samiljeol is observed with nationwide ceremonies, government-sponsored events, and acts of remembrance.
One of the main events is the official commemoration ceremony held at Seodaemun Prison History Hall, a former detention center where many independence activists were imprisoned and tortured.
Descendants of freedom fighters and government officials gather to pay tribute to those who sacrificed their lives for the country’s independence.
Another key event is the annual gathering at Tapgol Park, where members of the Liberation Association, consisting of the descendants of independence fighters, come together to honor the spirit of resistance.
During these events, speeches are given, the Korean national anthem is sung, and participants reflect on the significance of that day.
Additionally, the government offers special benefits to veterans and members of the Liberation Association, including free transportation on trains, city buses, and the Seoul Metropolitan Subway.
Many families take part in commemorating the holiday by raising the Taegeukgi (Korean national flag) at their homes.
Independence Movement Day means more than just a public holiday in Korea.
Samiljeol honors the brave individuals who fought against oppression, celebrates Korea’s spirit of resilience, and reinforces the values of independence.
Through ceremonies, public tributes, and national pride, March 1st inspires Koreans to cherish and protect the hard-won independence.
